The First of the Sixteen Arhats

In Buddhism, Arhats are sages who have completed their ascetic training. The Sixteen Arhats are a special group who were charged with remaining in this world after the Buddha Sakyumuni's death in order to protect and promulgate Buddhist teachings. The art displayed here is from a set of 16 hanging scrolls. These scrolls, formerly housed in Shojuraigoji Temple in Otsu, Shiga Prefecture, are the oldest extant set of the Sixteen Arhats. They are modelled on earlier Arhat depictions from Tang dynasty China. The Arhats and other figures are depicted with gentle countenances and an array of colors is used to unite each composition. The pictures utilize a technique called urazaishiki, whereby color is applied to the reverse side of the silk screens. When viewed through silk, the pigments appear more subdued and this creates the impression of soft skin, for example.

This bright, gentle coloring is a characteristic feature of Japanese Buddhist paintings from the 11th century. In the upper part of each painting is a rectangular area that notes the name and abode of each arhat. A closer examination reveals a number of birds and flowers. These provide a glimpse into the refined tastes of the Heian nobility. The Sixteen Arhats are revered as the most accomplished disciples of the Buddha. Made over 900 years ago, this work and the one to your left are the oldest paintings depicting the arhats. This one shows the first arhat, Pindola Bharadvaja. A celestial being stands in the back, while an attendant worships the arhat and offers him flowers.

— Museum description: Tokyo National Museum (CC BY 4.0), via ColBase / Japan Search.